Impact
This Laureate Project can be seen as part of an even larger ongoing collaboration between Professor Ross P Buckley and his two long-term collaborators, who are also Partner Investigators on this Project: Professor Douglas W Arner of the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance and the University of Hong Kong and Professor Dirk A Zetzsche of the University of Luxembourg.
Over the past decade, Professors Buckley, Arner and Zetzsche have advised and worked directly with governments and regulators in 62 nations. They have also advised and worked directly with some 40 international and regional organisations, with almost all of these arrangements culminating into commissioned reports. The tables of nations and organisations assisted follow.
In addition, Professors Buckley, Arner and Zetzsche have indirectly assisted a wide range of other nations through long, close cooperation with the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) – an alliance of central banks and financial regulators from over 80 developing countries. Their work with AFI has shaped policy approaches to digital financial ecosystems in most developing countries through a dozen reports and policy strategies. These include their seminal reports on ‘FinTech for Financial Inclusion’ (2018) (which shaped FinTech laws and regulations in most developing countries), and the ‘Inclusive Green Finance Roadmap’ (2022) launched at the COP in Sharm el-Sheikh.
Professors Buckley, Arner and Zetzsche have also indirectly assisted other nations through their work with the Arab Monetary Fund and the German Agency for International Cooperation, producing major reports, advice and trainings for Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the UAE and Yemen.
The 62 Nations with which Professors Buckley, Arner and Zetzsche have worked directly (2015–2025)
| Country | Body | Subject matter | Year | Strategy development | Financial reform | Legislative proposals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Central Bank / Finance Ministry | Financial Inclusion & Digital Payments | 2024 | X | X | |
| Argentina | Securities Regulator | Capital Markets Development | 2025 | X | ||
| Australia | RBA | Payments System | 2023-25 | X | X | X |
| Australia | Securities Regulator, Reserve Bank | Crypto and Fintech Reg’n | 2017-25 | X | X | X |
| Bangladesh | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion | 2024-25 | X | ||
| Barbados | Financial Services Commission | Decentralized Finance | 2020 | X | ||
| Belgium | FSMA | Regulating Digital Finance | 2021 | X | ||
| Bhutan | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion | 2024-25 | X | ||
| Brazil | Capital Markets Regulator | Capital Markets Development | 2023-25 | X | ||
| Canada | Central Bank / Capital Markets Regulators | Innovation | 2019-23 | X | ||
| China | Ministry of Finance, Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator, Banking Regulator, Insurance Regulator, National Development Agency | Securitisation Development Strategy, Financial Sector Reform and Development | 2015-18 | X | X | X |
| Côte d’Ivoire | All BCEAO Central Banks | Regulation of Digital Finance Strategy | 2018 | X | ||
| Egypt | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion Strategy, Fintech Strategy, Fintech Regulation | 2020-24 | X | X | X |
| Eswatini | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion | 2022 | X | ||
| Fiji | PIRI / Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Regulatory Diagnostic Toolkit | 2016 | X | ||
| Finland | Central Bank | AI and Central Banking | 2025 | X | ||
| France | Central Bank | Digital Money & Payments | 2023 | X | ||
| Georgia | Central Bank | Regulatory Sandbox and Cyber Security | 2019 | X | ||
| Germany | Ministry of Justice, BaFin | Digital Shareholders’ Meetings & ID | 2015-25 | X | X | X |
| Hong Kong | Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator, Ministry of Finance | DLT In Finance, Financial Sector Development Strategy | 2015-24 | X | X | X |
| Hungary | Central Bank, Ministry of Justice | Capital Markets Development, Credit Markets Development, Innovation Regulation | 2019-21 | X | X | |
| India | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion / Innovation | 2022-25 | X | ||
| Indonesia | Central Bank, Financial Regulator, Ministry of Finance | Deposit Insurance, Financial Regulatory Structure, Digital ID, Payments / Financial Inclusion, Securitisation / Debt Capital Markets, Regtech / Suptech | 2019-24 | X | X | |
| Israel | Central Bank | CBDC | 2022 | X | ||
| Japan | Central Bank, Financial Regulator, Ministry of Finance | Banking Reform, Digital Assets Regulation | 2019-24 | X | ||
| Jordan | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion | 2018, 2025 | X | ||
| Kazakhstan | International Financial Centre Agency | International Financial Centre Development | 2018-22 | X | ||
| Kuwait | Capital Markets Regulator | Capital Markets Development | 2024 | X | ||
| Latvia | Central Bank, AML Regulator | AML Regulation | 2022-23 | X | ||
| Liechtenstein | Government, Financial and Banking Regulator | Revision of Liechtenstein Finance Legislation | 2015 | X | ||
| Luxembourg | Government | Legislative Concept on Settlement Coin | 2024-25 | X | ||
| Maldives | Central Bank | Financial Inclusion | 2024-25 | X | ||
| Mexico | BIS – Representative Office for the Americas, Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator | Global Lessons on Data Sharing, Innovation Regulation | 2018, 2023, 2024 | X | ||
| Mongolia | Central Bank, Ministry of Finance, Financial Regulator, Ministry of Justice | Banking and Credit Development | 2024 | X | ||
| Nepal | Central Bank | Regulating Mobile Money, Financial Inclusion | 2015, 2025 | X | X | |
| Nigeria | Capital Markets Regulator | Capital Market Development | 2022-23 | X | ||
| Oman | Central Bank | Fintech Regulation / Strategy | 2024-25 | X | X | X |
| Pakistan | Central Bank, Securities Regulator | Financial Inclusion, Capital Markets Reform | 2016, 2024-25 | X | ||
| Papua New Guinea | Reserve Bank | Digital Finance Regulation | 2018, 2019 | X | ||
| Philippines | Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator | Innovation Regulation | 2019 | |||
| Qatar | Central Bank, Financial Regulator | Innovation Regulation, Financial Centre Development | 2016-20 | X | ||
| Rwanda | Government, Central Bank | Financial Inclusion, Digital Financial Centre Development | 2020-25 | X | X | |
| Samoa | Pacific Islands Regional Initiative (PIRI) | Fintech For Financial Inclusion | 2018 | X | ||
| Saudi Arabia | Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator | Digital Financial Development, Regtech / Suptech | 2016-17, 2020-25 | X | X | |
| Senegal | BCEAO (Waemu) | Innovative Financial Ecosystems | 2021 | X | ||
| Singapore | Central Bank | Regional Capital Markets Development, Innovation Regulation | 2019-24 | X | ||
| Solomon Islands | Central Bank | Regulating Digital Finance | 2016 | X | X | |
| Solomon Islands | All Pacific Central Banks | Digital Regulation Attuned to the Pacific | 2015 | X | ||
| South Africa | Central Bank, Finance Ministry, Financial Regulator | Regional Financial Integration, Innovation Regulation | 2019 | X | ||
| Sri Lanka | Central Bank, Ministry of Finance | Financial Reform, Financial Inclusion | 2018-19, 2024-25 | X | ||
| Switzerland | Swiss National Bank | Regulation of Cryptoassets | 2021 | X | ||
| Taiwan | Central Bank, Insurance Regulator | International AI Governance | 2021, 2023, 2024 | X | ||
| Thailand | Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator | Future of Money, Financial Reform, Regional Financial Integration | 2022-23 | X | X | |
| Timor Leste | Central Bank | Mobile Money Ecosystem Regulation | 2015-18 | X | X | X |
| Tonga | All Pacific Central Banks | Consumer Protection for Digital Financial Services | 2015, 2019 | X | ||
| Turkey | Ministry of Justice, Capital Markets Regulator | Law Reform for Financial Inclusion | 2020 | X | ||
| Uganda | Central Bank | Digital Assets, Financial Inclusion | 2025 | X | X | |
| Ukraine | Central Bank, Financial Regulator | Capital Markets Development | 2022-25 | X | X | |
| United Arab Emirates | Central Bank | Central Bank Reform | 2024 | X | ||
| United Kingdom | Financial Regulator; Bank of England | Cross-Border Payments, Regulating Crypto; Technology; Regtech / Suptech | 2022-23 | X | X | |
| United States | Securities & Exchange Commission | Digital Finance Platforms, Regtech / Suptech | 2023 | X | ||
| Uzbekistan | Ministry of Finance | Financial Centre Development | 2021 | X | ||
| Vanuatu | Reserve Bank | Central Bank Digital Currencies | 2020-21 | X | ||
| Vietnam | Central Bank, Capital Markets Regulator | Digitization | 2018-19 | X |
The 40 International and Regional Organisations with which Professors Buckley, Arner and Zetzsche have worked directly (2015–2025)
| Organisation | Unit / body | Subject matter | Year |
| Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Management Unit | Impact of Financial Inclusion on Financial Stability, Financial Soundness + Monetary Policy | 2023-25 |
| Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Digital Financial Services Working Group | Policy Framework on Developing a National FinTech Strategy: An Ecosystem Approach to Inclusive FinTech, Digital Economy, Financial Inclusion and the Sustainable Development Goals | 2024 |
| Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Inclusive Green Finance Working Group | Roadmap for the Implementation of an Inclusive Green Finance Strategy | 2022 |
| Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Digital Financial Services Working Group | AFI Regulatory Approaches FinTech Toolkit | 2021 |
| Alliance for Financial Inclusion | Strategy: FinTech for Financial Inclusion | 2018 | |
| Appui au Développement Autonome (ADA) | Training in Regulation of Financial Inclusion | 2015-25 | |
| Arab Monetary Fund | Arab Regional FinTech Working Group | Digital Finance and Financial Inclusion | 2018-25 |
| Arab Monetary Fund | Governors and Deputy Governors | Financial Sector Development Strategy | 2024 |
| Arab Monetary Fund | Payments Working Group | Regional and Domestic Payments Development | 2024 |
| Asia Securities Industry & Financial Markets Association (ASIFMA) | Regional Capital Markets Development | 2015-25 | |
| Asia Securities Industry & Financial Markets Association (ASIFMA) | Approaches to Innovation | 2015-25 | |
| Asia Securities Industry & Financial Markets Association (ASIFMA) | Digitalisation of Capital Markets | 2015-25 | |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | ASEAN Capital Markets Forum | Sustainable Finance Strategy | 2022 |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | ASEAN Capital Markets Forum | Regional Capital Market Development | 2015 |
| Asian Development Bank | Country Projects: China, Vietnam, Indonesia | 2015-24 | |
| Asian Development Bank | The Impact of Financial Inclusion: Workshop with Luxembourg Ministry of Finance | 2024 | |
| Asian Development Bank | RegTech / SupTech | 2022-23 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Digital Finance & COVID-19 | 2022 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Crypto-Assets in Asia | 2019 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Blockchain and its Principal Applications: Cryptocurrencies and ICOs | 2018-19 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain and ICOs: Policy and Regulatory Challenges of Distributed Ledger Technology in Asia | 2017-18 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Lessons to be Learned for East Asia from 20 Years of Financial Crises | 2017-18 | |
| Asian Development Bank | Post 2008 Financial Reforms | 2015 | |
| Bank for International Settlements | BIS Innovation Hub | Project Aperta: Steering Group, Policy Committee | 2024-25 |
| Bank for International Settlements | Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure (CPMI) | Building Regional Payment Areas | 2022 |
| Bank for International Settlements | Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure (CPMI) | Best Execution in Cross-Border Payments | 2022 |
| Bank for International Settlements | BIS Innovation Hub | Digital ID Report | 2020-22 |
| Bank for International Settlements | Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure (CPMI) | Distributed Ledger Technologies in Cross-border Payments | 2021 |
| Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | Cybersecurity Policies for the Global South | 2021-23 | |
| Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) | Regulation of Digital Financial Ecosystems in West Africa | 2018 | |
| Emerging Payments Association Asia (EPAA) | Approaches to Cross Border Payments | 2022-25 | |
| European Banking Authority | Innovation Network | Payments in the Metaverse | 2022 |
| European Commission | Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union (DG FISMA) | Mixed-Activity Groups (BigTechs) | 2024 |
| European Investment Bank | EIB Institute | Regulation of Inclusive Finance: Joint Training Programme | 2017-25 |
| European Microfinance Network | Regulation of Inclusive Finance: Workshop at Conferences | 2017-25 | |
| European Parliament | Regulating Crypto-Assets | 2023 | |
| European Securities & Markets Authority | Consultative Working Group on Investment Management | Deregulation of Finance | 2024-25 |
| European Securities & Markets Authority | Consultative Working Group on Digital Finance | Implementing Legislation on Crypto-Assets | 2023 |
| European Securities & Markets Authority | Consultative Working Group on Financial Innovation | FinTech, RegTech | 2018-23 |
| European Systemic Risk Board | Crypto-Asset Task Force | Systemic Risks of Crypto-Assets | 2025 |
| European Union | European Academy of Law (Training Body for EU and Country Experts) | Various FinTech Topics | 2018-25 |
| Financial Stability Board | Various Working Groups | Advisory Input across Financial Stability and Innovation Issues | 2015-25 |
| Financial Stability Board | Global Innovation Network | Gamification of Finance | 2021 |
| Financial Stability Board | Regulating Global Stable Coins | 2020 | |
| G20 | GPFI: Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion | Reports | 2018, 2025 |
| G20 | G20 TechSprint 2020 | Judging | 2020 |
| G24 | Strategy: FinTech for Financial Inclusion | 2018-19 | |
| GIZ | MENA Region Programme | Smart Regulatory Approaches to FinTech | 2020 |
| Inclusive Finance Network Luxembourg (InFiNe) | Training in Regulation of Financial Inclusion | 2024-25 | |
| Institute of International Finance (IIF) | Digitalisation of Global Finance | 2018-25 | |
| International Capital Markets Association (ICMA) | Digitalisation of Debt Capital Markets | 2018-25 | |
| International Finance Corporation (IFC) | Credit Registries Analysis / Working Group | 2016-24 | |
| International Monetary Fund | Consultative Working Group on Financial Access Survey | Measuring Financial Inclusion | 2024-25 |
| International Monetary Fund | Financial Sector Stability Fund | Financial Inclusion and Impact on Monetary Policy | 2025 |
| International Monetary Fund | CBDC Programme Development | 2023-24 | |
| International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) | Secretariat / Full Membership | RegTech / SupTech / Innovation Strategies | 2018-25 |
| International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) | Regulating Crypto Intermediaries in Light of the FTX Crisis | 2023 | |
| International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) | Chair | International Approach to Mutual Recognition and Substitute Compliance | 2019-20 |
| International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) | Derivatives Market Development | 2023 | |
| Islamic Development Bank | International Regulatory Standards Development | 2022-23 | |
| Islamic Financial Services Board | International Regulatory Standards Development | 2022-23 | |
| South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre | Governors, Deputy Governors, Division Directors | Regional Financial Integration | 2015-20 |
| South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre | Governors, Deputy Governors, Division Directors | Post Crisis Reforms | 2015-20 |
| South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre | Governors, Deputy Governors, Division Directors | Innovation Regulation | 2015-20 |
| Toronto Centre | Regulating Financial Innovation | 2019 | |
| UNCDF | MM4P (Mobile Money for the Poor) | Developing and Regulating Digital Finance Ecosystems in Africa | 2018 |
| UNCDF | UNCDF & Better than Cash Alliance | An Overview of the UNSW Regulatory Diagnostic Toolkit | 2016 |
| UNDP | Bellagio Group Process | 2020-22 | |
| UNDP | Global Dialogue on Digital Finance | 2019-22 | |
| UNIDROIT | Drafting Committee for Private Law on Digital Assets | Private Law on Digital Assets | 2021-23 |
| UNESCAP | Strategy for Digital Financial Inclusion | 2021-23 | |
| United Nations | High-level Panel of the Commission for Social Development (CSocD) | Financial Inclusion for Balanced Growth and Equal Opportunities | 2023 |
| United Nations | UN Dialogue on Global Digital Finance Governance | Governing Digital Finance | 2021 |
| United Nations Climate Conference | Conference of the Parties (COP), 29 | Inclusive Green Finance: Measuring Impact | 2024 |
| United Nations Climate Conference | Conference of the Parties (COP), 28 | Inclusive Green Finance Roadmap: Towards Implementation | 2023 |
| United Nations Climate Conference | Conference of the Parties (COP), 27 | Inclusive Green Finance Roadmap: Building Blocks and Regulatory Tools | 2022 |
| United Nations Climate Conference | COP27, World Leadership Forum | The Social Dimension of Financial Inclusion | 2022 |
| World Bank | Innovation Strategies | 2018-25 |